Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wemithi Yokugoma edingekayo kubavakashi baseNdiya

abstract

Inani eliphelele labavakashi nezivakashi zebhizinisi ezifika I-e-Visa yaseNdiya isikhule yafinyelela ezigidini ezingu-15. Cishe u-8% wezivakashi ezifika eNdiya Dinga ukucatshangelwa ngokomtholampilo ngesikhathi noma ngemva kohambo lwabo lokuya eNdiya; Izinqumo eziyinhloko yizifo ezigwemekayo ze-antibody.

Indian Tourists can njalo futhi kungenzeka zithinteke kakhulu yizifo ezitholwa ngamanzi (ukugijima, umkhuhlane we-enteric, ukuqina kwegciwane hepatitis), izifo ezihlobene namanzi (i-jungle fever, i-dengue, i-encephalitis yaseJapan), izifo ze-zoonotic (amarabi), kanye nokugula okungelona okubulala izifo (umkhuhlane ophuzi). Ukungeniswa kwezifo ezithintekayo ezigomela kuthathwe njengengqinamba ebalulekile ehlobene nokuhamba. Ukuqanjwa kwezivakashi zase-Indian Visa kungasindisa impilo futhi kuyisisekelo sokuphepha kahle ngesikhathi sokuzilibazisa noma uhambo lwebhizinisi oluya eNdiya.

The I-World Health Organization (WHO) igcizelela ukuthi sonke isivakashi esivakashela e-India kufanele saziswe ngokugcwele mayelana nokugonywa okujwayelekile, okuguquguqukayo njengoba kuboniswa iminyaka yesivakashi sase-Indian Visa, umlando wokugoma; izifo ezikhona, ubude, izidingo ezisemthethweni zesigaba sezizwe ezivakashelwayo, ukuthambekela kwesivakashi sase-Indian Visa, kanye nezimfanelo. Isivakashi saseNdiya kufanele sibonisane nodokotela kunoma yisiphi isenzakalo emasontweni angu-4 kuya kwangu-6 ngaphambi kokuya eNdiya ukuze kube nesikhathi esanele sokugcwaliseka kwezinhlelo zokugoma ezifanele.

Imigudu Yokuzenzela

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyaphi, the Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezifo (CDC) ichaza ukuthola ijubane elihle ekugomeni okujwayelekile ngaphambi kokuya eNdiya. Abantu abadala abaningi baseMelika abathola ukwelashwa okuvamile manje bakhona kulokhu kudutshulwa, okufaka isimungumungwane-mumps-rubella (MMR), i-diphtheria-lockjaw pertussis, i-varicella (inkukhu yenkukhu) nokugonywa kovendle. Qaphela ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu othola i-antibody ye-lockjaw kufanele ngokufanayo athole umxhasi onjengewashi, noma maduze uma kwenzeka lowo muntu elimala.

The Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezifo (CDC) futhi ibheka ukuthi leli gciwane elibandayo lale sizini lidubula elinye lamasosha omzimba ajwayelekile okufanele wonke umuntu omdala azithole ngaphambi kokuya eNdiya.

I-WHO Incoma Lezi Zindawo Zokugibela zabahambi AbaseNdiya (Ngokuphakanyiswa kuze kube manje ngamaMasisi, ama-Mumps, nama-Rubella Vaccinations).

I-diphtheria ekhulile kanye nokugonywa kwe-Lockjaw

Lokhu akuphakami kangako uma kungenzeki kwesigameko eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule. Izimpawu ezikhona njengobuhlungu endaweni yokungeniswa kanye nomkhuhlane.

I-Hepatitis A Vaccine

IHepatitis A izoba yisifo sangempela sesibindi eselapheka esisatshalaliswa ngaphansi kokudla nokokuphuza nangokuxhumana kwesikhumba nesikhumba nomuntu ongcolile. Ukudla ukudla okungenamsoco, okungageziwe noma okuphekwe isigamu, noma isiphuzo sokuphuza noma amanzi kahle, kukhulisa ingozi yakho yokuthola i-hepatitis A lapho udlulela ezifundeni ezithile zomhlaba.

Izizwe ezimbalwa - ezihlanganisa iCanada, iJapane, iNew Zealand, i-Australia kanye nezizwe zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu - zingcono ekulawuleni nasekususeni i-hepatitis A. Kunoma yikuphi, kubanikazi be-Indian Tourist Visa kanye nalabo abahlose ukuza eNdiya, Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezifo. (I-CDC) incoma ukujova i-Hepatitis A uma kungenziwanga ezweni lakubo. Okungabazayo ukuthi ukuthola lokhu kugonywa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sohambo oluya e-India kudinga inani elikhulu lesaziso sangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ingenisiwe 2 imithamo, ehlukaniswe isigamu sonyaka, ngakho udinga izinsuku eziyi-180 ukuze ugonyelwe i-Hepatitis A.

Kusukela le anti-anti inikezwe njalo kuzo zonke izingane ezisanda kuzalwa e-United States nakwamanye amazwe asethuthukile asentshonalanga kusukela ngo-2005, abanikazi abancane kakhulu base-India iTravel Visa njengamanje bangagonyelwa i-hepatitis A.

I-Hepatitis B Vaccine

Njengamanje kucatshangwa ukuthi ijwayelekile kwabaningi abanikazi be-Indian Tourist Visa. Lokhu kugonywa kunikezwa lapho umuntu ezalwa, enezinyanga ezi-3 futhi nasezinyanga eziyisi-6. Uhlelo lwezikhathi olusheshayo luyatholakala futhi njengokujova okuhlangene kwe-Hepatitis A. Ukusabela kuyingqayizivele futhi kumnene, ngokuvamile ubuhlungu bobuchopho kanye nobuhlungu obuncane endaweni yokumnika. Izinga lokusinda lingu-95%.

I-Cholera Vaccine

Ikholera ingokunye ukugula okusakazeka ngokudla okonakele namanzi. Izinto eziphilayo ze-cholera microscopic zitholakala kulo lonke elaseNdiya. Ukuthatha uhambo lokuya ezindaweni ezithile zaseNdiya kusho ukuthi isethulo kungenzeka kakhulu kunabanye, ngakho-ke noma ngabe uvakashela insimu enesiqephu esiqhubekayo sinquma ingozi yakho yokusebenzisana nezinto eziphilayo ze-cholera.

Phuza amanzi amaminerali, futhi gwema amanzi ompompi eNdiya. Ukutheleleka okungajwayelekile futhi ochwepheshe abangaselapha ngendlela ehloniphekile, nokho ukuthola i-antibody kungase kube okubalulekile okwamanje ngaphambi kokuphuma kwakho. Ikholera ibangela ukukhululeka ngokweqile kwamathumbu, okwenza iziguli zome ngokushesha. Esimweni lapho bengakwazi ukufinyelela ngokushesha ekwelashweni kwezempilo, lesi sifo singabulala. Ngale kwale migqa, uma ngabe uhlose ukuvakasha ucezu lwaseNdiya olube nesiqephu sekholera esiqhubekayo noma esikude, lokhu kugonywa kuyisidingo esiphelele.

I-Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2014, leli antibody liyisidingo esi-odwe sazo zonke izivakashi ze-Indian Visa ezivakashela e-India ezivela e-Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Israel, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan, naseSomalia ukuze zithole i-OPV cishe isikhathi eside. Emavikini angu-6 ngaphambi kwendiza eya eNdiya. I-OPV ilimaza kakhulu unyaka ongu-1 kusukela ngosuku lokusungulwa kwayo. Lolu hlu lwezizwe ludlula emazweni ama-3 abelwe yi-WHO. Noma yimuphi umuntu omdala owathola ukugoma kwengane enqunyiwe nokho akakaze athole umsekeli njengomuntu omdala kufanele anikezwe ingxenye eyodwa yokugonywa kovendle okungasebenzi. Zonke izingane kufanele zibuyekezwe ekujovweni kwazo uvendle, futhi noma yimuphi umuntu omdala ongakaze aqedele ukuhlelwa okuyisisekelo kokugoma kufanele enze kanjalo ngaphambi kokufika eNdiya njengesivakashi.

Umuthi wokugomela iTyphoid

I-typhoid fever yisifo esiyingozi. I-anti-typhoid antibody imiselwe bonke abanikazi be-Indian Tourist Visa abaya e-India, noma ngabe bavakashela izifunda zasemadolobheni kuphela. Lokhu kugonywa kwesibhamu esisodwa kunikeza isiqinisekiso esingu-∼70%, kuzohlala kunjalo isebenza nge 2 kuya eminyakeni engama-3. Amathebulethi ngaphezu kwalokho ayatholakala ukuze aphathwe esiswini esingenalutho izikhathi ezi-3 ukuze asebenze. Kunoma ikuphi, ukumnika ngokuvamile kunqunywa ukuthi kunokusabela okumbalwa. I-antibody ejovayo iyathandeka phezu kokugonywa ngomlomo kubantu abakhulelwe nabathintekile amasosha omzimba.

Umuthi we-Varicella Vaccine

Lokhu kugonywa kuphakanyiswe kunoma yisiphi isivakashi se-India Visa esingaphezu konyaka owodwa ubudala. Kunconyelwe labo abangenalo isikhathi esedlule esigcwele inkukhu eqoshiwe noma ukuhlolwa kwegazi okubonisa ukungathinteki. Abantu abaningi abavuma ukuthi abakaze babe ne-chickenpox show ukumelana lapho bezama futhi bangahluphi nge-antibody. I-Varicella antibody akufanele inikezwe abantu abakhulelwe noma abangagonywa. I-antiic ye-varicella nayo inqunyelwe abanikazi be-Visa base-India abangama-haul (abahlose ukuhlala eNdiya isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga eyi-1) noma labo abasengozini enkulu.

I-encephalitis Vaccine yaseJapan

Lokhu kugonywa kuhloselwe ukuholwa isikhathi eside (labo abazama ukuchitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga eNdiya) Abaphethe i-Visa yaseNdiya ababambe iqhaza ezifundeni ezibuthakathaka noma izivakashi ze-India Visa ezingabamba iqhaza ekuzivikelekeleni kwangaphandle okungavikelekile ezindaweni zezwe, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, phakathi nokuphuma okufushane .

Inqubo yokujova kufanele iqedwe kunoma yisiphi isenzakalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7 ngaphambi kokungena eNdiya ukuze isebenze. Ukusabela okwaziwa kakhulu ukuqaqamba kwekhanda, ukushayeka kwemisipha, nobuhlungu kanye nokuba mnandi endaweni yokumnika. Akunconywa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kanye omama abahlengikazi.

Umuthi wokugomela iMeningococcal

Lokhu kugoma kunikezwa njengokufakwa uwedwa. Ukugonywa oku-4 kuyanikeza 2 iminyaka emi-3 yokuvikela izivakashi nezivakashi eziboshelwe eNdiya.

Imithi Yomalaleveva

Izingozi zomalaleveva zikhona kuwo wonke umhlaba, ikakhulukazi emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo nezithuthukayo. Zonke izindawo nezifunda zaseNdiya, ngaphandle kwalezo eziphezulu kakhulu, zembula amacala okugula kwamathumbu. ICentre for Disease Control (CDC) ibheka abanikazi beVisa iTravelia yaseNdiya ukuthi bagijimise ubungozi obulinganayo bokuthola ukugula kwamathumbu.

Ukugula kusakazeka ngokusebenzisa umjovo wokujova omiyane, ngakho-ke ukuthatha izindlela zokuzivikela kuyingxenye enkulu yokugwema isifo. Ukumboza isikhumba, ukusebenzisa iziphazamiso eziqinile zesiphazamisi, ukusebenzisa izingubo kanye nezinto zokwelapha eziphathwe ne-permethrin, futhi ukuphumula ngaphansi kwenethi yomiyane yizinyathelo ezingakusiza ekunciphiseni amathuba akho okuthola iMalariya.

Akukho antibody ukuze ihlabe iMalaria, kepha izivakashi ze-India Visa zingathatha isixazululo esingesihle emithini yezemala zisetshenziswa lapho futhi zivakashele eNdiya. Ungasebenzisa ukhilimu wesikhumba, omiyane abaxosha umiyane namanethi omiyane ukuze uvikeleke kulesi sifo.

Umuthi wokugomela amaRabies

Amarabi isifo esibi segciwane. The ukugula akujwayelekile eNdiya Izivakashi zeVisa, nokho ingozi iyanda ngokuhlala isikhathi eside futhi inwetshiwe kanye nanoma yikuphi ukutholakala kwezilwane. I-antibody iphakanyisiwe yabaphethe i-Visa ye-India Tourismist labo abahlose ukuhlola ngaphandle.

Izivakashi zase-India Visa ezisengozini ephezulu yezinja noma zokulunywa yizinja (odokotela bezilwane nabahlinzeki bezilwane), izivakashi ezinde zase-India Visa zenza noma yikuphi ukuzivocavoca okungase kubenze baxhumane ngqo nezilwane. Izingane zithathwa njengengozi enkulu ngoba zizodlala ngokuvamile nezilwane, zingathola ama-chomps amabi kancane, noma zingahle zingabiki ukuluma.

Ukulunywa isilo/inja kumelela izikhathi eziningi zamarabi e-India, kuyilapho ukumunca izinsikazi, amahlosi, amakamela, kanye ne-Indian civet futhi kungase kudlulisele amarabi. Noma iyiphi i-chomp yezilwane noma ukuklwebheka kufanele kuhlanzwe ngokuphelele ngesihlanzi namanzi amaningi, futhi ochwepheshe bezempilo abaseduze kufanele bafinyelelwe ngokushesha ukuze bathole ukwelashwa okungase kwenzeke ngemva kokwethulwa noma ngabe lowo muntu ugonyelwe amarabi. Isamba sohlelo lwangaphambi kokwethulwa luhlanganisa imithamo emi-3 efakwe kusisipha se-deltoid ngezinsuku ezi-0, Izinsuku eziyi-7, izinsuku ezingama-21 kanye noSuku lwama-28.

KUMELE uthole imijovo yokugada isifo samarabi uma ilunywe noma ihlatshwa yinja in India.

I-Yellow fever (YF) Umuthi wokugoma

Amazwe amaningi adinga 'ukuqinisekiswa komhlaba wonke kwe-inoculation noma i-prophylaxis' ekhonjwe ngumhlinzeki wemitholampilo wokugonywa kwe-YF kwabaphethe i-India Tourismist Visa abavela esifundeni esingcolisiwe. Imihlahlandlela yokudla kahle kwaseNdiya ingacela ubufakazi bokuthi i-Yellow fever (YF) inoculation uma icala libonisa livela e-Afrika noma eSouth America noma kwezinye izindawo ze-Yellow fever (YF). Ubufakazi be-inoculation buzodingeka esimweni lapho lowo evakashele isizwe ku Indawo ye-YF phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-6 ngaphambi kokungena e-India . Noma yimuphi umuntu (ngaphandle kwezingane ezifika ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 ubudala) obonisa ngaphandle kokugunyazwa noma ubufakazi uma evakashe zingakapheli izinsuku eziyisi-6 engenile e-India, noma ehambe endaweni engcolile, noma ebonakala ngomkhumbi oqala ukusuka noma abathintwe kunoma yisiphi isikhumulo semikhumbi endaweni esengozini yokudluliselwa kwe-YF kuze kube yizinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu ngaphambi kokuvela kwayo e-India, ngaphandle uma leso sikebhe sihlanziwe ngokulandela indlela eshiwo yi-WHO sizovalwa kuze kube yizinsuku eziyisi-6.

Ukugonywa kwe-Yellow fever (YF) kufanele kulawulwe ekugomeni okugunyaziwe kwe-Yellow fever (YF), okuzonikeza wonke umjovo Isitifiketi Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokugoma esigunyazwe ngokuphelele. Ukugonywa kwe-YF akufanele kunikezwe labo abangaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisi-9 ubudala, abakhulelwe, abangenawo amandla omzimba, noma abazwela amaqanda. Akufanele futhi inikezwe labo abanesizinda esimakwe ukutheleleka nge-thymus noma i-thymectomy. Ukugonywa akuphakanyisiwe noma akudingekile kubanikazi be-India Tourist Visa abavela ngokusemthethweni bevela eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, e-Australia, noma kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uya kuphi eNdiya, umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi ukuchayeka kumagciwane athile kungaletha izifo ezimbi kakhulu. Akukho ukungaqiniseki ukuthi amasosha omzimba anciphile noma alahla izifo eziningi ezikhubazeke kakhulu izingane kanye nabantu abadala eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kule migqa, Abavakashi ababoshelwe eNdiya kufanele bathathe amasosha omzimba anqunyiwe ngohlelo ngalunye ngaphambi kokuthatha uhambo oluya eNdiya.