IsiKhokelo esiGqibeleleyo samaGonyo afunekayo kubakhenkethi baseIndiya
Abstract
Inani elipheleleyo labakhenkethi kunye neendwendwe zeshishini ezifika Indiya e-Visa iye yanda yaya kutsho kwi-15 lezigidi. Malunga ne-8% yeendwendwe ezifika eIndiya Funa uqwalaselo lweklinikhi ngexesha okanye emva kohambo lwabo ukuya eIndiya; ezona zigqibo ziphambili zizigulo ezinokuthintelwa ngamajoni omzimba.
Abakhenkethi baseIndiya banakho rhoqo kwaye uninzi lokuchaphazeleka zizifo ezibangelwa ngamanzi (Ukubaleka, umkhuhlane we-enteric, intsholongwane enkulu yentsholongwane), izifo ezinxulumene namanzi (umkhuhlane wehlathi, udenga, isifo sokuqaqamba kwamalungu omzimba waseJapan), isifo se-zoonotic (isifo esingumhlaza) Ukungeniswa kwezifo ezinokuthintelwa kuthintelwe kuthathwa njengengumba obaluleke kakhulu onxulumene nokuhamba. Inoculation yeendwendwe ze-Visa yaseIndiya inokusindisa ubomi kwaye isisiseko sokuphila kakuhle ngexesha lolonwabo okanye uhambo lweshishini e-India.
The I-World Health Organization (WHO) igxininisa ukuba umtyeleli ngamnye eIndiya kufuneka aziswe ngokupheleleyo malunga nokutofa okuqhelekileyo, okuguquguqukayo njengoko kubonisiwe bubudala bondwendwe lwaseIndiya, imbali yokugonywa; izigulo ezikhoyo, ubude, iimfuno ezisemthethweni zecandelo lezizwe ezityelelwayo, utyekelo londwendwe lwaseIndiya, kunye neempawu. Undwendwe lwaseIndiya kufuneka lucebisane noogqirha nangasiphi na isiganeko kwiiveki ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6 ngaphambi kokuya eIndiya ukuze kubekho ixesha elaneleyo lokuzalisekisa izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo zogonyo.
Izitofu zendlela
Kungakhathaliseki apho uya khona, i Iziko loLawulo lweSifo (CDC) ichaza ukufumana isantya esilungileyo kugonyo lwesiqhelo phambi kokuba uye eIndiya. Abantu abaninzi baseMelika abakhulileyo abafumana unyango oluqhelekileyo lweklinikhi ngoku bakhona kwezi zithonga, ezibandakanya imasisi-mumps-rubella (MMR), idiphtheria-lockjaw pertussis, varicella (inkukhu yenkukhu) kunye nogonyo lwepoliyo. Qaphela ukuba nabani na ofumana i-antibody ye-lockjaw kufuneka ngokunjalo afumane umxhasi odutyulwe njengewotshi, okanye ngokukhawuleza kwimeko xa umntu lowo esike wenzakala.
The Iziko loLawulo lweZifo (CDC) iphinda ithathele ingqalelo intsholongwane ebandayo yeli xesha lonyaka idubule enye yee-antibodies ezisemgangathweni ekufuneka wonke umntu omdala ofanelekileyo azifumane ngaphambi kokuba aye eIndiya.
I-WHO icebisa ezi zitofu zokundwendwela abahambela ukuya eIndiya (kanye njengokuba kunjalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngeMasisi, iimpundu, kunye nezindululo zeRubella).
Isifo sokudumba esikhulayo kunye nokugonywa kwe-Lockjaw
Oku akuphezulu kangako kwimeko ukuba akukho sigameko senzekileyo esindwendwele kwiminyaka eli-10 edluleyo. Iimpawu ezikhoyo njengentlungu kwindawo yokungenisa kunye nefiva.
Ugonyo lweHepatitis A
I-Hepatitis A iya kuba sisifo esisibindi esinyangekayo esisasazeka phantsi kokutya kunye nesiselo kunye nokunxibelelana nolusu kulusu lomntu ongcolileyo. Ukutya ukutya okucocekileyo, okungahlanjwanga okanye okuphekiweyo, okanye ukusela itephu okanye amanzi amnandi, kuphakamisa umngcipheko wakho wokosulelwa yi-hepatitis A xa udlula kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi.
Izizwe ezimbalwa - kuquka iKhanada, iJapan, iNew Zealand, i-Australia kunye nezizwe zaseNtshona Yurophu - zingcono kulawulo kunye nokususwa kwe-hepatitis A. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kubanini-Visa yabaKhenketho baseIndiya kunye nabo bazimisele ukuza eIndiya, iZiko loLawulo lweSifo. (CDC) icebisa ukuba ufumane i-inoculated ye-Hepatitis A ukuba ayenziwanga kwilizwe labo. Into ethandabuzekayo kukuba ukufumana olu gonyo phambi kwexesha lohambo oluya eIndiya kufuna isixa esikhulu sesaziso kwangethuba. Inikiwe 2 Iidosi, zahlulwe isiqingatha sonyaka ngokwahlukeneyo, ngoko ke udinga iintsuku ezingama-180 ukuze ugonyelwe iHepatitis A ngokupheleleyo.
Ukusukela oko le ntsholongwane yanikezelwa kubo bonke abantu abazelwe ngokutsha eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo asentshona ukusukela ngo-2005, abantu abancinci baseIndiya abakhenketha eVisa banokuthi ngoku bagonyelwe isifo sehepatitis A.
Ugonyo lweHepatitis B
Ngoku kucingelwa ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo kuninzi lwabanini beVisa yabakhenkethi baseIndiya. Olu gonyo lwenziwa xa umntu ezalwa, xa eneenyanga ezi-3 ubudala naxa eneenyanga ezi-6. Isicwangciso sethayimthebhile esikhawulezayo siyafikeleleka njengotofo oludityanisiweyo kunye neHepatitis A. Iziphumo zikhethekile kwaye zithambile, ziqhelekile iintlungu ebuchotsheni kunye nentlungu epholileyo kwindawo yokutofa. Izinga lokusinda yi-95%.
Unyango lwe-Cholera
Ikholera sisinye isigulo esisasazeka ngokutya kunye namanzi. Izinto eziphilayo ze-cholera microscopic ziyafumaneka kuyo yonke iIndiya. Ukuthatha uhambo lokuya kwiindawo ezithile zase-India kuthetha ukuba inkcazo inokwenzeka ngakumbi kunezinye, ngoko ke nokuba undwendwela indawo enesiqendu esiqhubekayo sithatha umngcipheko wakho wokunxibelelana nezinto ze-cholera microscopic.
Sela amanzi amaminerali, kwaye Khusela amanzi empompo eIndiya. Lusulelo olungaqhelekanga kwaye lolo iingcaphephe zinokulunyanga ngokundilisekileyo ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa ukufumana i-antibody okwangoku kunokuba sisiseko phambi kokuphuma kwakho. Ikholera ibangela ukukhululeka okugqithisileyo kwamathumbu, eyenza ukuba izigulana zome ngokukhawuleza. Kwimeko yokuba zingafiki ngokukhawuleza kunyango lwezonyango, isifo sinokufa. Kuyo yonke le migca, kwisehlo apho ucinga ukundwendwela kwisiqwengana se-India ebesinesiqephu sekholera esiqhubekayo okanye esikude, olu gonyo lunyanzelekile.
Unyango lwethambo lepoal lomlomo (OPV)
Ukusukela ngoJanuwari ka-2014, le antibody iyimfuneko eyalelweyo kubo bonke abatyeleli beVisa yaseIndiya abatyelela eIndiya besuka eAfghanistan, e-Ethiopia, kwaSirayeli, eKenya, eNigeria, ePakistan naseSomalia ukufumana i-OPV malunga noku. Iiveki ezi-6 phambi kwenqwelomoya eya eIndiya. I-OPV yonzakala kakhulu unyaka omnye ukusuka kumhla wokusekwa kwayo. Olu luhlu lwesizwe ludlula kwi-1 WHO eyabelwe amazwe anesifo. Nawuphi na umntu omdala ofumene ugonyo olumiselweyo lomntwana kodwa akazange afumane mxhasi njengomntu omdala kufuneka anikwe inxalenye enye yogonyo lwepoliyo olungasebenziyo. Bonke abantwana kufuneka bahlaziywe kugonyo lwabo lwepoliyo, kwaye nawuphi na umntu omdala ongazange aligqibe ilungiselelo elisisiseko logonyo kufuneka enze njalo ngaphambi kokufika eIndiya njengabakhenkethi.
Intsholongwane yeTyphoid
I-typhoid fever sisifo esiyingozi. I-antiphoid antibody imiselwe kubo bonke abanini beVisa yabakhenkethi baseIndiya ukuya eIndiya, nokuba undwendwela imimandla yasezidolophini. Olu gonyo lwe-single-shot lubonelela nge-∼70% yesiqinisekiso, luhleli isebenza e- 2 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-3. Iitafile zikwafumaneka kulawulo lwesisu esingenanto amaxesha ama-3 ukuze asebenze. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, i-infusion imiselwe ngokubanzi ukuba ineempendulo ezimbalwa. I-antibody etofwayo iyanqweneleka ngaphezu kogonyo lomlomo kubantu abakhulelweyo nabachatshazelwe yi-immune.
Ugonyo lweVaricella
Olu gonyo lucetyisiwe kuye nawuphi na umtyeleli weVisa yaseIndiya engaphezulu konyaka omnye ubudala. Kucetyiswa abo bangenayo ixesha elidlulileyo elizaliswe yinkukhu erekhodiweyo okanye uvavanyo lwegazi olubonisa ukungabonakali. Abantu abaninzi abamkeleyo zange babe nokuxhathisa kukubonisa ukunganyangeki xa bekuzama kwaye bengafuneki bazikhathaze ngogonyo. I-Varicella antibody ayifanelanga ukuba inikezwe abantu abakhulelweyo okanye abangakhuseliyo. I-antiic ye-varicella ngokufanayo imiselwe ukubamba i-Visa yeVisa abakhenkethi ende (abanqwenela ukuhlala e-India ngaphezulu kwenyanga e-1) okanye abo basemngciphekweni owahlukileyo.
I-Japan encephalitis Vaccine
Olu gonyo lujolise ekutsaleni ixesha elide (abo bazama ukuchitha ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga eIndiya) IIndiya abakhenketha eVisa abakhenkethisa kwimimandla eneRussian okanye iindwendwe zaseIndiya ezinokuthi zithathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ebanzi engakhuselekanga yangaphandle kwimimandla yelizwe, ngakumbi ebusuku, ngexesha nje elifutshane lokuphuma .
Inkqubo yokutofa kufuneka igqitywe nakwesiphi na isiganeko kwiintsuku ezisi-7 ngaphambi kokungena eIndiya ukuze isebenze. Ezona mpendulo zaziwa kakhulu ziingqaqambo, ukuqaqanjelwa kwezihlunu, intlungu kunye nobumnandi kwindawo yokugalela. Akukhuthazwa kubafazi abakhulelweyo kunye noomama abancelisayo.
Ugonyo lwe-Meningococcal
Olu gonyo lwenziwa lodwa. Ugonyo olu-4 luyanika 2 ukuya kwi-3 unyaka wokhuseleko kwi-India ebotshelelwe ngabakhenkethi kunye neendwendwe.
Unyango lweMalariya
Ubungozi be-Malariya bufumaneka kwihlabathi lonke, ikakhulu kumazwe ashushu nasahluma. Zonke iindawo namazwe ase-India, ngaphandle kwalawo anyuke kakhulu, atyhile amatyala okugula kwamathumbu. IZiko loLawulo lweSifo (CDC) lithathela ingqalelo abo banelungelo lokundwendwela iVisa abakhenkethi eIndiya ukuba baqhube umngcipheko wokufumana usulelo lwamathumbu.
Isigulo sisasazeka ngokwenzakaliswa sisifo seengcongconi, ke ngoko ukuthatha amanyathelo okhuselo sisixhobo esikhulu sokugcina kude nesifo. Ukumboza ulusu, ukusebenzisa ibug repellent, ukusebenzisa iimpahla kunye nezixhobo eziphathwe ne-permethrin, kunye nokuphumla phantsi komnatha weengcongconi ngamanyathelo anokunceda ukunciphisa amathuba akho okuba ufumane iMalariya.
Akukho anti anti to Tallall MalariaNangona kunjalo iindwendwe zaseIndiya iVisa zingasithatha isisombululo esingalunganga kumayeza esifo seengcongconi kwindlela eya kwaye ngexesha lotyelelo lwaseIndiya. Ungasebenzisa i-cream cream, repellent ye-mbuyu kunye neetnhumist zeenkukhu ukuze uzikhusele kwesi sifo.
Ugonyo lweRabies
Iigciwane sisifo esosulelayo esiyintsholongwane. I ukugula akuqhelekanga eIndiya Iindwendwe zeVisa, ukanti ingozi iyanda ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye yandisiwe kwaye naluphi na amathuba ekunxibelelaneni izilwanyana. I-antibody icetyiswa ukuba ibambe i-Visa yabakhenkethi e-India abanqwenela ukuvavanya ngaphandle.
Iindwendwe zeVisa zaseNdiya zisengozini enkulu yenja okanye zokulunywa zizinambuzane (abagqirha bezilwanyana kunye nabaphathi bezilwanyana), iindwendwe ezinde zaseIndiya eziVisa ezibandakanya naluphi na umthambo ezinokuthi ziwenze zihlangane ngqo nezilwanyana. Abantwana bathathelwa ingqalelo kunobungozi obuphezulu kuba bayakudlala ngokubanzi izilwanyana, banokufumana ii-chomps ezinzima, okanye bangaxeli.
Ukulunywa lirhamncwa/yinja kumela uninzi lweziganeko zomgada eIndiya, ngelixa iinkanjane, amahlosi, iinkamela kunye neCivet yaseIndiya zinokusasaza umgada. Nasiphi na isidalwa esikrwadayo okanye umkrwelo kufuneka sicocwe xa sisonke ngesicoci kunye namanzi amaninzi, kwaye iingcali zempilo ezikufutshane kufuneka zifikelelwe ngokukhawuleza kunyango olunokwenzeka lwasemva kokunikezelwa nokuba umntu utofelwe umgada kusini na. Ulungiselelo olupheleleyo lwangaphambi kokungeniswa lubandakanya iidosi ze-3 ezifakwe kwi-deltoid muscle ngeentsuku ze-0, iintsuku ze-7, iintsuku ze-21 kunye ne-28 Day.
KUFUNEKA ufumane isitofu sokugonyela isifo seentsholongwane ukuba silunywe yinja eIndiya.I-yellow fever (YF) Ugonyo
Amazwe amaninzi afuna 'uqinisekiso lwehlabathi lwe-inoculation okanye i-prophylaxis' ephawulwe ngumthengisi weklinikhi wokugonywa kwe-YF yababambisi beVisa abakhenkethi baseIndiya abavela kwingingqi engcolisekileyo. Izikhokelo zokuziphatha kakuhle zaseIndiya zinokucela ubungqina bolwelo lweYellow fever (YF) kwimeko xa lowo ubonayo evela e-Afrika okanye eMzantsi Melika okanye kwenye imimandla ye-Yellow fever (YF). Ubungqina bokungenwa buza kufuneka kwimeko apho umntu etyelele isizwe kwi Indawo ye-YF ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezi-6 ngaphambi kokungena eIndiya . Nabani na (ngaphandle kweentsana ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezi-6 ubudala) obonisa ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ubungqina ukuba uye watyelela phakathi kweentsuku ezi-6 zokungena eIndiya, okanye wahamba kwindawo engcolileyo, okanye ebonakala kwinqanawa yokuhamba ngenqanawa eyaqala ukusuka okanye kuqhagamshelwane nalo nakweliphi na izibuko elikwindawo enobungozi bosulelo lwe-YF ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amathathu phambi kokuvela kwayo eIndiya, ngaphandle kokuba isikhephe esinjalo sicociwe ngokulandela indlela ebekwe yi-WHO siya kuvalwa ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezi-6.
Ugonyo lweYellow fever (YF) kufuneka ilawulwe kugxininiso oluvunyiweyo logonyo lweYellow fever (YF), oluya kunika ugonyo ngamnye iSatifikethi sokugonya saMazwe ngaMazwe esivunyiweyo ngokupheleleyo. Ugonyo lwe-YF akufunekanga lunikwe abo bangaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-9 ubudala, abakhulelweyo, abagonyelwe amajoni omzimba, okanye abanovelwano kumaqanda. Ngokunjalo akufanelekanga ukuba inikwe abo banemvelaphi ephawulwe lusulelo lwe-thymus okanye i-thymectomy. Ugonyo alucetyiswa okanye alufuneki kubanini beVisa yabakhenkethi baseIndiya abavela ngokusemthethweni besuka kuMntla Merika, eYurophu, eOstreliya, okanye kwamanye amazwe aseAsia.
Nokuba ungaya phi na ukuya eIndiya, umntu kufuneka aqonde ukuba ukuchanabeka kwii-microorganisms ezithile kunokuzisa isifo esibi. Akukho ukungaqiniseki ukuba izilwa-buhlungu ziye zanciphisa okanye zalahla izigulo ezininzi ezikhubazeke kakhulu abantwana kunye nabantu abadala kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Ngaloo migca, Abakhenkethi ababotshelelwe eIndiya kufuneka bathathe izilwa-buhlungu ezimiselweyo kwisicwangciso ngasinye ngaphambi kokuba baye eIndiya.